but Where Were They? Race, Era(C)sure, and the Imaginary American West .pdf

The world got along without race for the overwhelming legal age of its history. The U.S. has never been without it. DAVID R. ROEDIGER

A social group construct is an idea or compendium of ideas that have been created and accepted by the the great unwashe in a society. These constructs process as an attempt to organize or explain the humanity around us.

For example:  E.g., "puerility" is a social retrace. All humans begin their lives organism young. Silence, the idea that the very Brigham Young, characterised aside a specific period of meter should be conferred to access to toys, playgrounds, and juice boxes, is a creation of our American society. Nature determined that all human beings would be teenaged before maturing. Still, nature did not specify how older people should treat young people during this stage of life. Our ideas nigh how to raise children are beliefs decided and shared by the social community.

Race is a human-made-up, shorthand term used to describe and categorize people into various social groups based along characteristics suchlike skin color, somatogenetic features, and familial heredity. Race, while non a sound biological concept, is a real social construction that gives or denies benefits and privileges. American smart set developed the notion of race early in its formation to justify its new economy of capitalism, which depended on the institution of forced labor, especially the captivity of African peoples. To more accurately understand how race and its twin, racism, are woven into the very fabric of American society, we must explore the history of how race, white prerogative, and anti-blackness came to be.

THE INVENTION OF Rush
The conception of "wash," Eastern Samoa we understand it today, evolved alongside the shaping of the United States and was profoundly adjacent with the evolution of cardinal other terms, "white" and "slave." The words "race," "white," and "slave" were all utilized by Europeans in the 1500s, and they brought these words with them to North America. However, the words did non have the meanings that they take up today. Instead, the needs of the developing Solid ground society would transform those row' meanings into new ideas.

The European Enlightenment: an intellectual move of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning god, cause, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. [Encyclopedia Britannica]

The term "race," used infrequently before the 1500s, was used to nam groups of people with a kinship or group connexion. The modern use of the term "race" (identifying groups of mass by carnal traits, appearance, or characteristics) is a human invention. During the 17th century, European Enlightenment philosophers' based their ideas on the grandness of laic reasoning, rationality, and technological hit the books, as opposing to faith-settled religious understandings of the human race. Philosophers and naturalists were categorizing the world afresh and extending so much thought process to the people of the human race. These new beliefs, which evolved starting in the late 17th century and flourished through the latterly 18th century, argued that thither were physical laws that governed the world and human beings. Over centuries, the false notion that "Patrick Victor Martindale White" people were inherently smarter, more capable, and more human than nonwhite hoi polloi became noncontroversial worldwide. This categorization of the great unwashe became a justification for European colonization and ulterior enslavement of people from Africa.

Slavery, as a conception has existed for centuries. Enslaved people, "slaves," were forced to labor for another. We lav point to the use of the term slave in the Hebrew Bible, ancient societies such as Greece, Rome, and United Arab Republic, besides as during other eras of time. Inside the Mediterranean and Continent regions, before the 16th century, captivity was acceptable for persons considered heathens or outside of the Christian-based faiths. Therein humanity, existence a slave was not for life or hereditary - signification the status of a slave did not mechanically transfer from parent to child. In many cultures, slaves were still able-bodied to earn shrimpy wages, gather with others, get married, and possibly buy their exemption. Similarly, peoples of darker skin, much as people from the Continent Continent, were not automatically enslaved or reasoned slaves.

The racial identity of "white" has evolved throughout history. Initially, information technology referred simply to English person people. Historically, World Health Organization belonged to the category of "white" would expand as people desirable to push book binding against the increasing numbers game of people of color due to emancipation and immigration.

The word "white" held a different meaning, too, and transformed ended time. Before the mid-1600s, there is nobelium evidence that the West Germanic language referred to themselves as being "white people" This concept did not fall out until 1613 when the English language society prime encountered and contrasted themselves against the East Indians through with their colonial pursuits. Even then, there was not a large body of people who considered themselves "white" as we know the terminus today. From about the 1550s to 1600, "white" was exclusively used to name elite English women, because the whiteness of skin signaled that they were persons of a pinched elite group class who did not go outside to labor. However, the terminal figure snowy did non refer to elect English men because the idea that men did not leave-taking their homes to study could indicate that they were lazy, grisly, or unproductive. Initially, the racial identity of "Caucasian" referred only to Anglo-Saxon mass and has changed due to time and geography. As the conception of being white evolved, the number of people considered white would grow equally the great unwashe wanted to thrust back against the acceleratory numbers of hoi polloi of color, due to emancipation and immigration. Activistic Paul Kivel says, "Whiteness is a constantly shifting boundary separating those who are entitled to have certain privileges from those whose exploitation and vulnerability to violence is justified by their not being white."

European colonists' exercise of the word "white" to refer to people who looked the likes of themselves, grew to become entangled with the word "race" and "slave" in the American colonies in the mid-1660s. These elites created "races" of "savage" Indians, "infrahuman" Africans, and "white" men. The social inventions succeeded in uniting the white colonists, dispossessing and marginalizing native people, and permanently enslaving most African-descended people for generations. Tragically,  American culture, from the very get-go, developed around the ideas of race and racism.

The racial indistinguishability of "white" has evolved throughout history. Initially, it referred only to Anglo-Saxon people. Historically, who belonged to the category of "hot" would expand atomic number 3 the great unwashe wanted to push back against the increasing Book of Numbers of the great unwashe of color attributable emancipation and immigration.

"Slaves Waiting for Sales event, Richmond, Virginia, 1861," Germ: Bondage Images: A Visual Record of the African Slave traffic and Slave Lifetime in the Early African Diaspora, Slaveryimages.org. Authorised low CC BY-North Carolina 4.0.

The Historical Organic evolution of Airstream (and Racism) in Animal group and Early America

Fueled by the Enlightenment ideas of unprocessed rights of man, spurred aside the love for religious freedom, in explore of property, and escaping persecution, European colonists came to North United States of America in research of a localise to create a new society. The ideals of Enlightenment spread to the Magnetic north American colonies and formed the basis of their democracy equally well as the most brutal kind of servitude - chattel slavery.

In the world earlier 1500, the notion of hierarchy was a common rule. Every soul belonged to a hierarchical anatomical structure in some way: children to parents, parishioners to churches, laborers to landowners, etc. As the ideas of the lifelike rights of man became more prevailing through the 18th century, the concept of equation becomes a standard swarm of thought. By categorizing humans by "race," a new pecking order was invented supported what many another considered science.

Airstream is the child of racism, not the father. TA-NEHISI COATES Author of "Between the World and Me"

Below is the class when enslaved Africans were low gear documented in some of the American colonies:

1619 - Old Dominion
1625 - Old Colony
​Early 1600s - Garden State
1626 - New York
1638 - Connecticut
1639 - Pennsylvania
1642 - Maryland
1645 - Granite State
1670 - Carolinas
1751 - Georgia

Inside the first decades of the 1600s, the first Africans were captured and brought to the American colonies as enslaved labor (most colonies had made enslavement legal). At this time in colonial America, enslaved Africans were good one source of labor. The English settlers used Continent indentured servants and enslaved indigenous people as other forms of coerced labor. These groups of enslaved and unscheduled labor a great deal worked side-by-slope and CO-mingled socially. The notion of enslavement changed passim the 1600s. In that crude period, enslavement was not an automatic condition, nor did it uniformly utilise to all Continent and Continent-descended people. Very importantly, being bond was not inevitably a unchangeable lifetime status. The boundaries between groups were more fluid but began to shift all over the next few decades to stool strict distinctions, which eventually became natural law.

Indenture was a means for mainly English and Irish people who could not afford passage to the British colonies to enter into a labor declaration.  They would sell their labor for a term, generally 4-7 age. Upon the completion of their indenture, the soul was to be given body politic to commenc a life.

Indentured servitude was troublesome, and many laborers did non outlast their contract term and subsequently did not receive their land. For planters, indentured servants were economically many optimal in the early complex period.

Aside the late 1600s, epochal shifts began to happen in the colonies. As the survival of European immigrants increased, at that place were more demands for land and the Labor Party needed to procure riches. Apprenticed servitude thoughtful its attractiveness American Samoa it became economically less profitable to employ servants of European descent. White settlers began to reverse to slavery as the primary source of strained labor in many of the colonies. African people were seen as more desirable slaves because they brought advanced agricultural skills, carpentry, and bricklaying skills, as well As metal and leatherworking skills. Characterizations of Africans in the early period of animal group America were mostly advantageous, and the colonists byword their future as dependent on this source of labor.

Movable slavery was a form of slavery in the U.S. in which enthralled people are legally advised and socially treated not as human race, but as the personal property, operating room commodities, of free populate.

The trajectory of Virginia's development of personal chattel slavery highlights how the system of chattel slavery and, on with IT, opposing-blackness (anti to or hostile toward black populate), was codified in animal group America. Labor status was not permanent nor solely connected to race. A monumental turning point came in 1662 when Virginia enacted a law of hereditary slavery, which meant the position of the mother determined the status of the kid. This law deviated from English common law, which allotted the legal condition of children supported connected their father's legal status. Thus, children of enslaved women would mechanically share the legal status of "slave." This ism, partus sequitur ventrem (see below), laid the foundation for the natural increase of the enslaved in the Americas and legitimized the exploitation of female slaves past Andrew D. White planters or other men. In 1667, the last of the religious conditions that arranged limits happening servitude was erased aside another Virginia law. This red-hot law deemed it legal to go along enslaved multitude in bondage even if they converted to Christianity. With this rescript, the justification for black servitude changed from a religious condition to a designation based on race. See more information about the timeline of "Bondage in the Making of America."

Partus Sequitur Ventrem

Ahead 1660, in English common law, the legal status of children followed the status of the Father-God. In the colonies, this doctrine followed the colonists. Elizabeth Key, an bond, bi-racial adult female sued for her freedom in Virginia connected the basis that her father was white.  The Margaret Court granted freedom to her and her child in 1656.

In response to this case, Virginia instituted partus sequitur ventrem making children's legal status trace the mother.

Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 was a low-set-lived just had a long-reaching effect of deepening the group divide in the colonial Chesapeake region. Coalitions of mean white people, release and enslaved Africans, rebelled against the rising planter class because they craved to take on onshore booked for Virginia's native mass. Elite colonists ascertained that they required to amass more native lands for their continued elaboration, to appease poor Continent colonists who wanted profitable advancement, and to keep a dedicated labor pool to do the grueling rural sour. By the middle-1700s, untried laws and societal norms linked Africans to perpetual labor, and the American colonies made dignified friendly distinctions among its people based on appearance, place of origin, and genetic endowment.

The Africans sensual distinctiveness marked their newly created subordinate position. To encourage separate the social group and legal connections 'tween turn down-class whites and African laborers (enslaved or free), laws were put into pose to control the interaction betwixt the two groups. These laws created a hierarchy founded on race.

Paradox of Impropriety in America's Consciousness
Colonists' belief in natural laws produced new political cerebration in the last part of the 18th hundred. Unaccustomed generations of Americans, many born in the colonies, seized upon ideas like that of John Locke's "Social Contract" which argues that all the great unwashe by nature had a right to aliveness, liberty and attribute, and that whatsoever created regime is legalize only with the consent of those populate being governed. Thomas President Jefferson built upon these ideas in the Declaration of Independence by proclaiming that "Life, Liberty and the Quest of Happiness" were inalienable, God-given rights to all men.  Later the Revolution, the U.S. Constitution strongly encoded the protective covering of property within its words. It is within these twin founding documents that the paradox of liberty - the human right to exemption and the socially sheltered rights to belongings - became the foundation and essence of the American consciousness. The question(s) of World Health Organization could - and fanny - call the unalienable rights has been a question for America through time.

Colonists' belief in born laws produced revolutionary political thought in the last take off of the 18th century. New generations of Americans, many born in the colonies, seized upon ideas like that of Lav Locke's "Social Contract." Information technology argues that each people naturally had a right to life story, liberty, and attribute and that any created government is legitimate only with the consent of the people it governs. Thomas Jefferson built upon these ideas in the Annunciation of Independence by proclaiming that "Life, Indecorum and the Pursuit of Happiness" were inalienable, God-given rights to all men. After prevailing in the American Revolution, our founders created the U.S. Constitution, which contains strongly-worded property rights. It is within these Twin founding documents that the paradox of impropriety - the hominine right to freedom and the legally battlemented rights to property - became the foundation and essence of the American knowingness. The question(s) of who could - and can - claim unalienable rights has been an Terra firma debate since our inception.

The scars and stains of racism are tranquilize deeply embedded in the North American nation society. John Lewis Congressman and Subject Rights Initiate

America would come to be settled by the language of exemption and the acceptance of slavery. On with the revolutionary ideas of liberty and equality, slaveholding concerns began to surface as black colonists embraced the meaningful of freedom, and the British abolished thralldom within their lands. The entrant United States sought to establish itself and had to wrestle with the tension borne from the paradox of liberty. It became necessary to develop new rationales and arguments to defend the institution of slavery. How does one justify holding a human as property? Major political leadership and thinkers of American history promoted theories of difference and depravation nigh nonwhite people that grew in the dead-18th century. Forcible differences were merged with status differences and coalesced to mold a social hierarchy that placed "white" at the top and "black" at the bottom. By the beginning of the 19th one C, "white" was an identity that selected a exempt, landholding, (unremarkably male) status. Having "whiteness" meant having clear rights in the society while not being white signified your freedoms, rights, and belongings were unstable, if not, nonexistent. Ironically, Jefferson and Locke also both made arguments for the idea of inferior "races," thereby bearing the development of the United States' culture of racism. Their defend of outclassed races justified the dispossession of American Indians and the captivity of Africans in the era of gyration. It was this racial ideology that formed the foundation for the continuation of American chattel slavery and the further entrenchment of anti-lightlessness.

Excerpts from Jefferson's "Notes of the State of VA"

"I advance it, thus, atomic number 3 a suspicion alone, that the blacks, whether originally a crisp race, surgery made distinct by metre and circumstance, are inferior to the whites in the endowment some of body and mind."

"Comparing them away their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that in memory they are equal to the whites; in reason much inferior...and that in imaginativeness they are dull, tasteless, and anomalous. Only ne'er yet could I find that a fateful had uttered a thought above the level of plain narration; never see even an elementary trait, of painting surgery sculpt." Learn More

The successful American Revolution and the new Constitution resulted in fierce debates about the future of slaveholding and the meaning of exemption. However, the state did not end slavery nor the uses of racial ideology to separate groups, choosing to maintain the present hierarchy. The U.S. outlawed the transatlantic slave switch in 1808, but the institution of slavery and its connection to African descendants remained. Boosted past the Louisiana Buy, cotton agriculture (made profitable by the innovation of the cotton fiber gin), and seized American Amerind lands, a new internal slave traffic reinvigorated thralldom, even by 19th-century pseudo-scientific racist ideas.

Cease and Think!

Watch out "The Origin of Race in the USA," and reflect...

How was the phylogeny of subspecies well-connected with the rise of Commerce Department and capitalism?

How were group categorizations merged into law?

How did the revolutionary ideas of equality and rights of man also temper ideas of race?

In the mid-19th century, science and the knowledge base community served to legitimize society's discriminatory views. Scientists argued that Africans and their descendants were inferior - either a degenerate type of being surgery a completely separate eccentric of beingness altogether, desirable for perpetual service.  Look-alike the European scholars before them, American intellectuals organized humans past family, seeking differences between racial populations. The work of Dr. Samuel Morton is infamous for his measurements of skulls across populations. He concluded that African people had smaller skulls and were consequently not as brilliant as others. Morton's work was collective on away scientists such as Josiah Nott and Agassiz. Both Nott and Agassiz concluded that Africans were a severalize species. This entropy spread into popular thought and culture and served to dehumanize African-descended people promote patc fueling anti-Afro-American view.

"Types of mankind or ethnological researches, founded upon the ancient monuments, paintings, sculptures, and crania of races, and upon their natural, geographical, philological, and biblical history" (Nott, Gliddon, 1854) (J.C. Nott and Geo. R. Gliddon/Google Books). License: Creative Commonalty Attribution 4.0

Past the 1850s, antislavery sentiment grew sharp, in part, spurred by dilute Southerner's aggressive attempts to protect slavery, defend national political dominance and to banquet the "peculiar institution" to newly acquired American lands. Proslavery spokespeople defended their position by debasing the value of humankind in the people they held as property. They supported much of this campaign done the racist scientific findings of people like Samuel Morton, which was wont to argue the inferiority of hoi polloi of Continent stock. American Samoa the tension 'tween US's notion of exemption and equality collided with the reality of millions of enslaved the great unwashe, new layers to the meaning of race were created as the federal official government sought to outline precisely what rights black people in the res publica could have.

Taney wrote in the majority decision, "[shameful people] are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word "citizens" in the Constitution, and can, therefore, claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States. To the contrary, they were at that time [of America's founding] considered as a subordinate and indifferent course of study of beings who had been defeated past the dominant race, and, whether emancipated or not, up to now remained subject to their authority, and had no rights or privileges simply so much A those who held the power and the Government might select to concede them." — Dred Scott, 60 U.S. at 404–05.

It was in this philosophical atmosphere that the Superior Court heard unrivaled of the landmark cases of U.S. history, the Scott v. Sanford. Dred Scott and his wife claimed freedom on the basis that they had resided in a loose nation and were therefore today free persons. The United States Supreme Court ruled that Scott could not bring a fit in federal court because Black the great unwashe were not citizens in the eyes of the U.S. Constitution. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney likewise subordinate that slaves were property based on the Constitution, and therefore owners could non be deprived of their property. Ultimately, Taney declared with the full force of law that to be black in America was to personify an "inferior beingness" with "no rights" which the white human being was bound to respect," and that slavery was for his benefit. Taney used the racist logic of black low quality that saturated American culture of the time to argue that African descents were of another "unfit" backwash, and therefore improved by the condition of slavery. The court's racialist decision and affirmation that African descendants were mere property would severely harm the cause of black equality and contribute to anti-black sentiment for generations to come.

Illus. in: Frank Leslie's illustrated newsprint, v. Cardinal, none. 82 (1857 June 27), p. 49, photo: Fitzgibbon, John H., 1816?-1882. Top-left: Eliza and Lizzie, children of Dred Scott, Bottom-left: Dred Scott, his wife, Harriet. [New York State: Frank Leslie] Photograph. Source: Library of Congress

The nation fiercely defended slavery under the pretence of prop rights because the forced labor of black people was extremely profitable to the full body politic. America further developed its concept of race in the form of antiblack theories and beliefs - created to protect the slavery-built economy. These beliefs also resulted in the institution of widespread opposing-Shirley Temple sentiments, which would work the American cognisance long later on slavery ended.

Stop and Think!

In 1847, Frederick Douglass responded to prominent abolitionist Garrison, "I have no love for America as such; I own none patriotism. I have no country. What country have I? The Institutions of this country bash not know me - do not recognize me every bit a man."

What do you think he meant? How did the "institutions of this country" see him?

There is nary Negro problem. The problem is whether the American people have loyalty enough, honor enough, patriotism enough, to fulfill their own establishment. Frederick Frederick Douglass

Segregation was a formal system of separating people in U.S. company founded connected race, achieved by discriminating against black Americans in particular, happening altogether aspects of social life including, for example, qualifying access to public accommodations, to housing, health care, education, and job opportunities.

Jim Crow Laws
The segregation and disenfranchisement laws known as "Color bar" delineated a formal, codified system of racial apartheid that dominated the American South for three-living quarters of a century outset in the 1890s. The laws affected almost every aspect of daily life, mandating segregation of schools, parks, libraries, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, trains, and restaurants. "Whites Only" and "Colored" signs were constant reminders of the enforced racial order. Generator: PBS, The American Have

Reconstructing Race in the Low-water mark
When the Civil War ended slavery, the entire nation shifted its economic reliance to free labor. Still, the harm of anti-blackness and the hierarchy of wash continuing to cast how people consanguine to one other you bet the government would regard and legislate to various "races." The U.S. came to depend on the exploitation of twopenny labor, especially that of those reasoned nonwhite people, but also that of poor whites, including women and children. White society, particularly in the South, were reluctant to shift their views of nigrify Americans and sought ways to continue exploiting the labor of African descended people piece at the same time remaining inner. The debt-bonded labor system known as sharecropping and hierarchical social order of separatism called Jim Crow would lay the foundation for a deepening racial divide.

The abuse of Chinese immigrant Labor Party in the West was another example of American exploitation defended away the nation's beliefs of "racial difference" in the late 19th century. When white Americans started to fear economic competition from the immigrants, the nation's racist logic resulted in the passage of the Taiwanese Exclusion Human activity of 1882. In an era of waves of new immigration from Europe, the law specifically closed the licit arrival of the Chinese.

Later the Subject War and Reconstruction, many an localities and states enacted laws and social norms that would re-build the social regularize where purity was supreme. The U.S. lawfully affirmed the practices of sequestration done the Plessy v. Ferguson Sovereign Court case [see video below]. By law, Americans could licitly separate people in society and discriminate against soiled Americans supported race. The Plessy v. Ferguson decision of "isolated but equal" legitimized the idea of white person domination in United States of America as well as the de facto sequestration already occurring in the nation outside the South. IT resulted in the creation of a multitude of new racist laws and practices whose ramifications are still impacting the country nowadays. American club drew upon centuries of racialist ideas to justify this new form of riddance and victimization, especially that of knowledge domain racial discrimination and Social Darwinism. New careful racist concepts improved the societal belief in supposedly inherent differences betwixt coloured and white people – helping keep alive the construct of race and racial difference for all people in America.

African Americans were excluded from the planning of the world's clean and from substantial roles during the fair. Directive voices of the African USA community - Frederick Douglass and Ida B. Wells-Barnett among them - wrote a pamphlet excoriating the racist decisions made, which excluded blacks from sharing the world stage as Earth citizens.  Read Many

Backed by the scientific racism of the middle-19th hundred, a fork of pseudoscience called eugenics contributed to further legitimizing societal belief in the biological superiority of those people considered albescent and the subjugation of other groups in descending order as struggle tones dark. Eugenics argued that people could be divided up into various races of people according to their genetic lineage and were predisposed to be either majestic operating room inferior away nature and in culture. Equally the 19th century drew to a close, peerless of the just about elaborate displays of this newly knowledge base notion was the Anthropology Exhibition at Chicago's World's Navigator Exposition of 1893. In this precise public forum, people were displayed in several arrangements of progress and reinforcing to the gross and visiting public the racial hierarchy of the time.

Racial integrity laws were passed by the General Fabrication to protect "whiteness" against what galore Virginians perceived to be the negative effects of slipstream-mixing. They included the Racial Integrity Act of 1924, which prohibited interracial marriage and defined as white a person "who has atomic number 102 retrace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian"; the Public Assemblages Act of 1926, which required all public meeting spaces to be strictly segregated; and a third act, passed in 1930, that defined as black a person who has even a trace of African American ancestry. Read More

Similar to earlier decades, the class of white swollen or contracted during the early 20th century to include various groups of people such as the Italians and the Eastern European immigrants that were upcoming to America. Other groups, much as the Chinese, Indigenous masses, and black people, would remain after-school the world of whiteness. As a result, they would struggle to gain the same privileges afforded to whites, such as voting, teaching, citizenship, and a part in the nation's wealth. Acceptance into American culture was closely linked with the acculturation of white, thereby creating an unconscious connection between who is American and purity.

Stop and Suppose!

How did 19th and 20^th-100 scientific racism create and reinforce notions of racial hierarchy?

Take a moment to reflect

Let's Spill

1. It can beryllium tempting to believe that the way to encourage Americans to blockage believing in the concept of cannonball along is to simply stop talking about race. Simply American society has had generations of ideas nigh race that nonetheless pass on, and legal and social policies that have profoundly shaped the lives of nonwhite and white masses. However, ignoring these ideas and policies does not remainder their effects.

   Find a willing mate and start a word. Think you lived in America during three different periods (1808, 1908, 2008), considering the race ideas circulating at these times, what opportunities practice you believe might be open to you, what opportunities mightiness not? Would not talk about race during each of these periods have changed your state of affairs? Discuss it with your partner.

2. EDUCATORS: Access the Color Line Activity from Zinn Education Project to help oneself teach your class about the shift in legal status which segregated white articled servants and conferred lifetime slave status along black people.

   What do you think is the grandness of Norman Mattoon Thomas Jefferson's twin legacies of forwarding immoderate notions of republic and social equality AND racial discrimination in America?

Let's Act

Join others affianced to talk openly and honestly about the role race plays in shaping your lives and access to opportunities to heighten your awareness. Tell apart the racist stereotypes and myths discussed above and challenge them when you encounter them in your own mentation, or during conversations in your communities.

but Where Were They? Race, Era(C)sure, and the Imaginary American West .pdf

Source: https://nmaahc.si.edu/learn/talking-about-race/topics/historical-foundations-race

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